Who Conquered Whom?
*******************************************

I. The European Invasion

A. God + Gold

Defeat of Granada (1492)
Expulsion of (Sephardic) Jews (1492)
Papal Bull Inter Caetera (1493-today)
Expulsion of unconverted Muslims (1499)
Patronato/padroado real (1501, 1508)
regular clergy: esp. Franciscans, Dominicans

B. Unfree labor systems for Native Americans

slavery/bandeirismo; New Laws (1542)
encomienda and repartimiento
mita for Potosí (Bolivia)
debt peonage

C. The Church as protector of NativeAms/enforcer of colonial rule

Bartolomé de las Casas; Hispaniola; The Black Legend
reducción / reducciones (pl)
extirpations of idolatry

Diego de Landa in Yucatan
Jesuits in the Andes

II. Empires at contact

A. Tenochca Mexica (Aztec) empire / México Tenochtitlán

- Conquest 1519-1521
- Moctezuma II (d. 1520), Cuauhtémoc (d. 1525)

B. Inka (Tawantinsuyu) empire / Cuzco +Vilcabamba

- Huayna Capac (d. 1527); Atahualpa vs. Huáscar
- Conquest 1532-1572
- Atahualpa + Francisco Pizarro @ Cajamarca (1532)
- Tupac Amaru (d. 1572) (alternate image here)

III. Who were the conquistadors?

A. Native Americans, for example:

Mesoamerica: Tlaxcala, Malintzin
Andes: Cañari

B. Spaniards

Mesoamerica: Hernando Cortés, Pedro de Alvarado
Andes: Francisco Pizarro, Diego de Almagro

C. Africans

Mexico: Juan Garrido
Chile: Juan Valiente

D. Old World diseases - the "demographic collapse"

1519 - 17 to 25 million in Central Mexico
1568 - 2.5 million
1630 - .7 million