Who Conquered Whom?
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I. Empires at contact

A. Inka empire / Tawantinsuyu (The Four Corners)

- Ayllus = kinship genealogies/communities
- Polytheistic: huacas, landscape, ancestor veneration
- Famous for architecture, infrastructure

Disease preceded the Spanish and killed Huayna Capac in 1527,
leading to civil war between his sons Atahualpa and Huáscar,
which the Nahua and Spanish army of Francisco Pizarro took
advantage of when they invaded in 1532. 

- Huayna Capac (d. 1527); Atahualpa vs. Huáscar
- Conquest 1532-1572 : Atahualpa @ Cajamarca
- Tupac Amaru

B. Tenochca Mexica (Aztec) empire / México Tenochtitlán

- Altepetl = "water mountain"= city-state
- Polytheistic: naguales, landscape, patron deities
- Corn is sacred: creation, regeneration, cycles of life
- Conquest 1519-1521: Moctezuma II, Cuauhtemoc

II. Who were the conquistadors?

A. Native Americans

Mexico: Tlaxcala, Malintzin
Andes: Cañari

B. Spaniards

Mexico: Hernando Cortés
Peru: Francisco Pizarro, Diego de Almagro

C. Africans

Mexico: Juan Garrido
Chile: Juan Valiente

D. Old World diseases - the "demographic collapse"

1519 - 17 to 25 million in Central Mexico
1568 - 2.5 million
1630 - .7 million

III. The Colonial System

A. Unfree labor systems for Native Americans

slavery/bandeirismo; New Laws (1542)
encomienda and repartimiento
mita for Potosí (Bolivia)
debt peonage

B. God + Gold

Moors; Alhambra, Granada (1492)
Sephardic Jews (1492)
Papal Bull Inter Caetera (1493); patronato/padroado real (1501, 1508)
regular clergy: Franciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits

C. The Church as protector/enforcer of colonial rule

Bartolomé de las Casas; Hispaniola; The Black Legend
reducciones
extirpations of idolatry: Diego de Landa in Yucatan, Jesuits in Andes